Portage Collar Bedroll “How-To” Added

A half-completed knot for binding a bedroll with a portage collar.Every so often someone asks how I bind my bedroll with the leather portage collar. “Roll the blanket and tie it,” seems like the logical answer. But over the years I have experienced many failures of tying methods that I thought were suitable and simple enough. The worst disasters have occurred in the heat of the chase—I mention two noteworthy instances and allow the reader to imagine the details.

“Necessary Wilderness Lessons” is posted under the “Portage Collar” section in the “How-To” category. The page includes some background on how I came to use this method of binding my bedroll and also includes a short statement about using the bedroll as a warm cushion while on stand. And on cold days, the portage collar can act as a belt to bind the blanket around a chilled body, but more on that another time…

Give traditional black powder hunting a try, be safe and may God bless you.

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“Campfire Revelry”

“Snapshot Saturday”

Three traditional hunters standing beside a campfire at night.

The three traditional  hunters heard fiddle music, up on the hill and to the east of the canvas village. “We should go investigate,” the youngest said. National Muzzle Loading Rifle Association’s Curly Gostomski Primitive Camp, Friendship, Indiana.

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“…missed the chance of a lifetime…”

“Gob-obl-obl-obl-obl-obl!”

The wild turkey’s melodic tone hung in a quiet, frosty calm. That tom was still roosted, on the hog-back ridge, over the hill and across the big swamp. Night’s abyss abated with reluctance that fine morn in 1798, or so it seemed.

“Ark, ark…ark, ark, ark, ark.”

The hen sounded scratchy, juvenile. She too was roosted, but sixty paces to my left in the cedar grove. A wild turkey had not spent the night in that area in a long time, not since the passing of “Spins like a top,” a long-bearded gobbler that could not slow dance.

“Ark, ark, ark, ark.”

An older, raspy-voiced matron barked back at the youngster. That hen was still secure in the confines of the big spreading oak that overlooked the east side of the big swamp, maybe ninety paces straight ahead.

Anxious, cold fingers rummaged through the shot pouch’s meager contents in search of a single wing bone, worn smooth from handling and polished by the buckskin bag’s plain interior. The bone clicked against the Northwest gun’s flint lock when fetched, drawing a scowl, then found its way into the woven sash about my waist. The moment was not yet right.

In due time the thrash of big wings told of wild turkeys flying down from the roost, across the meadow, near the great spreading oak. “Three…four…five…,” my mind counted. I never heard the hen in the cedar grove fly down, but as expected, the older hen sounded the morning assembly: “Ark, ark…ark, ark, ark, ark.”

“Gob-obl-obl-obl! Obl-obl-obl-obl!”

A long-bearded tom turkey approaches the caller.The tom chimed in about then. He was on the ground, part way down the east face of the hog-back. The wing bone call found my tongue-wet lips. With steady draws of cool morning air, I imitated the old hen: “Ark, ark…ark, ark, ark, ark.”

Twenty long, silent minutes ticked away. Wings flailed in the cedar grove, followed by a single, soft, reserved-sounding “Putt.” A few minutes later a shiny black hulk circled a sizeable autumn olive that grew at the meadow’s edge. A cautious gray head bobbed up and down, appearing and disappearing as it herky-jerked closer.

The timid hen stepped into a sunlight spear, took three bold steps into the frost-encrusted prairie grass and stood upright. “Ark, ark…ark, ark, ark, ark.”

Still erect and alert, the turkey’s gray pate turned and halted, back and forth, as the bird’s keen brown eye slashed away at the brushy cover along the meadow’s southeast boundary. The hen took two steps into the meadow, then changed her mind, spun about, walked off to the northwest and melted behind the rolling knoll.

Not long after, a distinctive red and blue head circled the same autumn olive, but the gobbler rounded the bush in the opposite direction. This tom was twice the size of the hen that preceded it, but in the end, the long-beard stopped not a trade-gun’s length from where the hen yelped. The gobbler fanned his tail and fluffed his feathers, then pirouetted once to the right, once to the left.

That gobbler waited a fair amount, then turned about and headed northwest. When his head passed behind the knoll, I put the wing bone to my lips and clucked once, soft and seductive. I expected he might cross over the knoll or at the least, stand on the crest. The Northwest gun was up and ready for either possibility. The hunter’s prayer crossed my lips when he first appeared.

A dozen minutes later, the tom walked back to where the hen called. He fanned and moved a bit to the east, then folded his tail. He fluffed his feathers and flapped his wings as if in preparation to gobble, but he did not. Thirty-five yards was just too far for the death bees, and it seemed that wary gobbler knew that.

Traditional Black Powder Hunting 101

The essence of the online post was that the individual killed a spring turkey with a modern shotgun and that he was going to purchase a second license and try for a gobbler with his French fusil de chasse. His question was, “Do I still wear camo, or can/should I dress in my re-enacting clothes?”

As is normal, forum followers responded with a variety of opinions, some not on-topic, but that will never change. A few people expressed envy that the thread’s author lived in a state that allowed multiple kill tags for spring turkey hunters—Michigan does not.

But within the thread was an underlying feeling that traditional black powder hunting was an all or nothing sport, and that is not the case. That misconception came to light a number of times at the Outdoor Life/Field and Stream Michigan Deer & Turkey Expo last month.

The conversations were all similar. An individual wants to see what traditional black powder hunting is all about, but they don’t want to hunt in a traditional style all of the time. In response, my line of questioning is usually the same: “Do you bow hunt? Do you gun hunt? Do you hunt small game? Do you hunt deer? Do you hunt turkeys? Do you hunt waterfowl? Do you hunt with a muzzleloader?”

The minute I get two or three “Yes” answers, I point out that most avid hunters pursue a variety of hunting styles, using different arms and/or archery tackle. The choice of game, arm, bow, gear, etc. for a given outing is up to that person. Within modern hunting methodology there seems to be no problem switching from one discipline to another.

An 8-point buck in a winter camp.Traditional black powder hunting should be no different, but that is not the perception of the hunting public. A huge wall seems to appear when the conversation turns to considering an excursion to yesteryear. Somehow a disconnect exists between buying a state-of-the-art bow, space-age arrows, ultimate tree stands, science-proven scent-blocking camo suits and the like and owning a smooth-bored flintlock, wool leggins, a trade shirt, a sleeveless waist coat and the rest of the trappings associated with an 18th-century woodsman.

Dollar for dollar, I would bet the investment is greater for the modern hunter than the traditional enthusiast, but the difference is in the type of hunting gear required for a history-based pursuit—the arms, the accoutrements, the clothing is “different.”

And further, traditional black powder hunting, by its very nature, represents old, worn-out technology that was discarded literally centuries ago, or so I’m told. To hear some of these folks ramble on, sometimes I think we might as well be advocating hunting in a clown suit…

I can understand the impressions of modern hunters, but seeing living historians, re-enactors and members of the black powder shooting sports communities react with the same disbelief is hard to swallow. It was clear to me the gentleman that made the initial post considered his fusil de chasse an inferior, second-choice arm—even with a turkey in the pot and essentially nothing to lose, he had reservations. Perhaps I was wrong for not adding my two-cents to the discussion, but with where the comments were going, I felt there was no point in inciting the wrath of the forum trolls, as they are sometimes called.

The point I try to make with anyone new to traditional black powder hunting is to move at your own pace. Start with a basic gun, a trade shirt and a blanket. Devote every Tuesday to dabbling with a traditional hunt, in and out of season. Do you not devote off-season time to improving modern hunting skills?

Maybe start with a history-based squirrel or rabbit hunt, a simple pursuit that will not risk “missing the chance of a lifetime.” But be aware, if you miss with your modern, semi-automatic suppository gun, you still “missed the chance of a lifetime.” The points of the discussions are all a matter of perspective…

Give traditional black powder hunting a try, be safe and may God bless you.

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“Seeking Bison”

“Snapshot Saturday”

A French woodsman stands in a snowy forest.

The French woodsman paused and looked for bison in a snowy forest of New France. The desolate landscape offered little hope, but perhaps over the next hill… Ed Schmidt, New France, late January in the winter of 1755…

 

 

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The Intricacies of Everyday Commerce

Blue wool fibers pulled free with the sticktight. Pinch and pull…pinch and pull…pinch and pull… The blue-flagged seeds accumulated on an oversized, cupped brown oak leaf. Some flew to the south, discarded in frustration; others slipped away and fell at random. A humble woodsman could almost hear God chuckling as he scattered sticktight seeds in compliance with the Master’s plan.

Glances about interspersed the half-hour de-lousing fit. A chipmunk scampered tail-up along a rotted, thigh-sized, branchless oak trunk that rested north-south twenty paces distant. A gentle gust swayed turning leaves. October’s glorious fall fragrance, pushed uphill by the warm air, foretold of a fine day ahead, deep in the Old Northwest Territory, east of the River Raisin, in the Year of our Lord, 1796.

Sunlight warmed the front of the yellow linen shirt; furrowed oak bark pressed against the back. Now and again I moved a bit to ease the pressure points; once or twice I rubbed back and forth, scratching a dry-skin itch.

A startled fox squirrel studies a traditional woodsman.A fox squirrel walked a long branch on a red oak at the big swamp’s edge. Another bounded to the ground near an open scrape to the south. A gray squirrel wandered through the cedar tops to the left. None of these forest tenants was even close to the death bees’ jurisdiction. The only choice available was to sit still and wait.

A while later, the distinct sound of small claws scratching rough bark made its way to old ears. A hearty bounce in brittle leaves betrayed the fox squirrel’s woodland stealth. The black English flint clicked to attention. “Old Turkey Feathers’” muzzle began to rise and reach out. The tarnished-brass buttplate slipped to the shoulder as the squirrel jumped onto the rotted log the chipmunk ran along. The bushytail’s pace quickened. The turtle sight chased, overtook and the razor sharp flint lunged.

“Kla-whoosh-BOOM!”

The Northwest gun’s muzzle spit a fierce, yellow tongue of ominous flame. At the instant of ignition, the fox squirrel dropped behind the oak’s skeleton. The turtle sight slowed in reaction, but the lethal swarm had already exited the bore, or at least that was my impression. Beyond the cloud of white roiling smoke, an explosion of reddish splinters, tannish punk and a few brown oak leaves marked the spot where the squirrel should have met its demise.

Three trade-gun-lengths to the south, the bewildered fox squirrel again appeared on the rotted log, facing straight at my fortress. The little beastie sat upright on its haunches, then turned its head as it watched the mysterious white cloud dissipate. As the chipmunk had done, the fox squirrel bounded along the log, but with a victorious-looking hop, or so it seemed.

The wiping stick pushed a single oak leaf, rolled into a ball, down the bore with the usual squeaky tone. The stick pressed the wadding firm on the lead shot. With the stick back in the ribbed-brass thimbles, I sat back against the oak and attended to the flintlock’s pan.

My thumb wiped the black film from the pan, but as I did, I noticed a wedged-shaped chunk of flint was missing on the side closest to the barrel. My right hand weaseled its way to the bottom of the buckskin shot pouch. My fingers felt two flints in the back corner, then the wrought iron nail needed to loosen the cock screw.

With the muzzle pointed off to the north, I began loosening the cock screw with the tip of the square-forged nail, which I had filed round a couple of years before. The new flint waited on the top edge of the wool leggin. My attitude was less than jovial. The missed squirrel was a forest happenstance, one that I gave little mind to. The broken flint was too, but that flint only offered three shots before it fractured, a happenstance that was less tolerable.

The Value of Trade Goods

Most traditional black powder hunters have a horde of used flints stashed in a maybe not-so-secret location—the thirty year accumulation I have resides in two plastic bags in a back corner of the muzzleloading cabinet. “Someday” I hope to knap them into rifle flints, someday…

Most living historians who shoot with some regularity know the current cost of flints, along with black powder, round balls, patching, etc. But when that same living historian steps across time’s threshold does his or her alter ego know the cost of those items, or the value of other common trade goods, at a chosen time and place in the long ago?

I have two personas for my traditional black powder pursuits: a hunter for a small trading post and a returned Native captive who can’t shake the wilderness ways of his adopted Ojibwe family. The second persona relies heavily on the writings of James Smith, Jonathan Alder and John Tanner.

I often quote Tanner’s “I had but seven balls left…” passage (Tanner, 115). These few words influence some of my traditional hunting practices, such as engaging in a deer hunt with only seven balls: six in the pouch and one eager in the breech of Old Turkey Feathers. I’ve picked this passage apart several times, and today my attention focuses on Tanner’s statement that “there was no trader near, I could not at present get any more.”

In their own way, both personas are dependent on the trader for the hunting supplies they need. Shooting smooth-bored Northwest trade guns, neither persona casts his own lead round balls. Rather, as was the practice in the 1790s, they both rely on a trader at a backcountry post for all of their shooting supplies. That being the case, knowing the current cost of common trade goods is a necessity of forest life.

When asked, Tami and I set up a 1794 trader’s camp at outdoor shows or large educational gatherings. A simple framed listing of what trade goods were worth leans against a tent post. The price list is a compilation of primary sources. Many of the items are found in the 1804 – 1805 ledger pages kept by Francois Victor Malhiot, a young clerk assigned to a North West Company fur post south of Lake Superior or from the writings of Duncan M’Gillivray, another NWC clerk who wintered at Fort George in 1794.

We encourage show guests to pick up the list and peruse the pricing structure, which usually kicks off a history lesson. Fur values are listed in the upper left hand corner with the prime beaver pelt as the base for the currency exchange. For example, a deerskin was worth 1/2 beaver, as was a marten or mink; an otter or lynx equaled 2 prime beavers; and it took 10 muskrat pelts to equal one beaver.

The campsite includes a variety of tanned furs, which add a sense of hands-on reality to the 18th-century barter system. In addition, common trade goods, like assorted fabrics, different sizes of glass beads, brass and copper kettles, trade silver, tobacco and other items are on display for would be shoppers to handle and touch.

A French trader and Miami hunter trade for scalping knives.The outdoor shows center on modern hunting, but the values associated with an 18th-century gun and accoutrements are always a popular point of conversation. Old Turkey Feathers, or a Northwest gun like it, sold for 10 prime beaver, a double handful of gun powder, 30 round balls or a handful of shot cost one beaver each. Thus, for 13 prime beaver pelts, or “plews,” a woodsman could walk away from a NWC trading post with a new smoothbore, gun powder, shot and round balls.

But don’t walk away yet, because the “little necessities,” like 12 gun worms or 18 English flints, each sell for another plew or two deerskins, depending on your hunting skills. Oh, and how about a beaver trap at 5 pelts, or perhaps you need a new ax for 2 beaver. Did I mention that a beaver will buy four butcher knives? Or how about a three-point wool trade blanket for 4 beaver? Fifteen silver broaches for one beaver? You are aware that you now owe the trader almost 40 prime plews, or their equivalent?

There is also another side to the ledgers that a living historian or traditional black powder hunter must consider: the goods and services credited or traded for from the Native Americans over the course of the winter.

“To an old woman for having scraped six Deer skins, six Brasses of braid and a comb,” or the equivalent of one plew. (Mahliot, 218)

“Six Deer skins used for the windows,” 2 plews. (Ibid)

“…for one hundred white fish, twelve bottles of rum,” listed at 6 beaver. (Ibid, 219)

“gave an old woman, for Lacing two pairs of snow-shoes, a looking glass and ½ Brasse of tobacco,” credit for 2 plews. (Ibid)

“ To L’Epaule de Canard, for the meat of a bear, a two gallon keg [of rum?],” valued at 5 beaver. (Ibid, 220)

Francois Victor Mahliot’s journal and ledger record the business transactions of daily life for the wilderness characters that frequented his North West Company trading post. These backcountry woodsmen knew the values of their trade, both for the peltry they gathered and the goods they purchased. As a living historian and traditional black powder hunter it behooves an alter ego to understand the intricacies of everyday 18th-century commerce before he or she ventures through time’s portal.

Learn the value of your work, be safe and may God bless you.

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“Following Fresh Rabbit Tracks”

“Snapshot Saturday”

An 18th-century trading post hunter follows rabbit tracks in the snow.follow

Up the hill from the raspberry patch, the trading post hunter found another set of fresh cottontail rabbit tracks in the snow. East of the headwaters of the River Raisin, Old Northwest Territory, 1796.

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“a double handful of powder”

Soupy mist rose from the watering hole. Frozen rain stiffened the sedge grass, encrusted red willow shoots and weighed down autumn olive branches. Ice grayed rigid cedar boughs. At a pause, a butterfly breath of a breeze crackled and snapped unseen silvery sculptures in the pre-dawn murk. Despite stepping toe first, each footfall crunched, leaving an unmistakable trail of white moccasin prints in the path’s short grass.

Calling turkeys with a wing-bone call.That morning’s course, in the Year of our Lord, 1795, proved short. The unsure footing, the muffled clash of buffalo hide and brittle prairie grass, and the ever-increasing drip of melting ice saw to that. Secure beneath the boughs of a broad cedar, one entwined with four looped grape vines, a once-captive woodsman pulled a wool blanket about his shoulders and settled back against the cedar’s keg-sized trunk.

Flaming orange and lavender clouds marked the eastern horizon at first light. “Ark, ark…ark, ark, ark, ark,” a raspy hen turkey cried out. “Ark, ark…” a younger bird answered, followed by another.

“Caaw, caaw, caaw, caaw, caaw, caaw…” Two crows tried to incite a ruckus as they flew to the east. Others cawed to the south of Fox Hill; it sounded like three ranted off near the hidden lake. “Perhaps the enticement worked,” I mouthed, or maybe I just thought that?

When the geese ke-honked at the lily-pad flats on the River Raisin, I pushed the frizzen up and checked the Northwest gun’s prime. The black granules moved about as I rocked the gun back and forth, and there was no indication of damp gunpowder.

“Swip-it! Swip-it!” a blue jay said, perched low on a dead cedar branch, not three trade-gun lengths to the north. I did not hear or see the blue-tufted sentinel arrive. My eyes looked straight ahead with a start, then eased to the left so as not to frighten the bird. The blue jay cocked its head and stared. I looked downhill, avoiding eye contact. In a matter of seconds, the forest guardian took flight, then swooped high up in a young oak tree, farther down the slope.

My eyes returned to the flintlock’s open pan. Without thinking, my hands rolled the trade gun to the right, ending with the usual abrupt jerk. The prime scattered on bare earth. I pulled the stopper from the horn that hung tight to my body under my right arm. With my thumb over the spout to control the flow, I up-ended the buffalo horn and sprinkled gun powder in the empty pan, taking care not to obstruct the touch hole. After replacing the horn’s stopper and setting the frizzen down, I again leaned back against the cedar.

“Whit, whit, tsu, tsu, tsu, tsu, tsu…” A crimson cardinal clung to an oak twig, a ways down the hill. The songster serenaded. More Canada geese ke-honked overhead. Four Sandhill cranes trailed close behind, sounding their joyous melody: ““Urrr-ggooou-aaa, Urrr-ggooou-aaa.”

A cock crowed at the second homestead to the east. By then, occasional melted drips had turned into a steady patter within the cedar trees that covered the upper third of the steep-sloped hill. The risk of damping the Northwest gun’s prime became too great. I rose to my feet, tucked the lock under my armpit and walked back into the open. Patches of blue dotted the thinning clouds…

Priming from the Horn

According to my journal entry, neither jake nor tom gobbled that late-April morning. Modest tree talk among the hens ended at fly down. The songbirds stepped to center stage on that unusual wild turkey hunt, along with the magnificence of a crystalline wilderness Paradise. A cold front moved through late the evening before, triggering a steady drizzle. Temperatures dropped below freezing. Ice greeted this humble hunter that morning. The intrigue of plunging into an unseasonable 18th-century storm’s aftermath overpowered reason and caution.

Early on in the creation of the returned white captive persona, Msko waagosh, I began leaving the greased lock cover home. I found no mention of a “cow’s knee,” as such covers are called, or similar protection in any of the Native captive narratives. I struggled, and sometimes still do, with keeping the priming dry in “Old Turkey Feathers,” my Northwest trade gun. But such tribulations are all a part of the learning process that accompanies any new persona.

The starkness of John Tanner’s Native captive narrative is a driving force for the Msko waagosh characterization. For me, engaging in a history-based hunt in colder weather has brought a new understanding of the reality of wilderness survival, an understanding that focuses on the basics, not the frills of living history.

After the blue jay startled me, I dumped Old Turkey Feathers’ precious prime more out of habit than conscious thought. I change my priming often during wet pursuits, but I surprised myself when I rolled the Northwest gun for no apparent reason. By then, re-priming from the bison horn was second nature, another return to basics habit.

About two years before the devastating EHD (epizootic hemorrhagic disease among the white-tailed deer) outbreak and the decision to create the new Native captive persona, my trading post hunter did away with carrying a priming horn containing 4Fg black powder. Instead, the historical me carried one powder granulation, using the powder from the horn to both load and prime Old Turkey Feathers.

A traditional woodsman taking careful aim from behind an oak tree.I found no primary documentation for a late-18th-century woodsman in the Lower Great Lakes region supporting the use of a separate priming horn and/or finer powder. To the contrary, the inventory listings all show (or imply by not making any specific distinction) only one granulation of black powder existed at the trading posts.

Francois Victor Malhiot, a clerk for the North West Company, records a number of transactions in his 1804 ledger for “a double handful of powder” trading at one prime beaver pelt, or the equivalent (Malhiot, 218). Other trading clerks’ journals show a similar measure and value. None of these ledgers contains a reference or transaction related to finer gun powder intended for priming the firelock.

One unintended benefit of priming from the horn was the retention of powder in the pan. The lock on Old Turkey Feathers is a conglomeration of the best parts from the two previous locks. With the mainspring removed, parts might fly when the lock is shaken. That might not be a good testament to fitting and proper lock management, but…

At any rate, the fit between the frizzen heel and the pan and barrel is sloppy at best. FFFFg priming powder filtered through the gaps; on more than one occasion the flint struck the frizzen and showered sparks, but the pan did not ignite, because the prime was gone. Both 2Fg and 3Fg black powder granules are larger and will not sift out in the gap that exists on the lock’s pan. Lost priming powder is no longer an issue, plus the range of motion for carrying and using the smoothbore is now unlimited.

And finally, there is another concern that traditional black powder hunters must address, and that is the location of the horn on the body. The powder horn must be placed high enough so as not to move around when hunting, yet allow for quick easy loading using a measure. In addition, I have found that priming requires a bit more freedom of movement. In the end, the choice is left up to the individual, determined or dictated by experience in the wilderness classroom.

Give traditional black powder hunting a try, be safe and may God bless you.

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“Looking Beyond the Ridge”

“Snapshot Saturday”

A traditional hunter with a gray squirrel looks to the east.

With supper in hand, the traditional hunter looks out beyond the ridge as a fox squirrel scampers up an old oak at the edge of the nasty thicket. Mid-February in the Year of our Lord, 1796, two ridges east of the River Raisin in the Old Northwest Territory.

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